Animal Experiments And Its Effects On Human Suffering And...

Some people support animal experiment and believed the results of those testings can ease human suffering and improve the quality of human life (Kruse, 2001). Many medical achievements in the past century have depended directly or indirectly on animal researches. The develop of the treatment of diabetes, leukaemia and heart surgery transplants have been made possible largely through the use of animals in scientific researches. And 90% of the public accepted the need for the use of animals when certain research conditions were met, including no unnecessary pain and suffering of animals, the research is for serious medical or life-saving purposes, and there is no reliable and informative alternative to the testing. All researches needed to†¦show more content†¦Also, using animals in research may wasting money and resources. According to the Cruelty Free International, 95% of drugs fail in human trials despite promising results in animal tests which suggest the results from ani mal testing may unreliable, and the US drug industry invests 50 billion US dollar per year in research, but the approval rate of new drugs is the same as it was 50 years ago. Beside these, animals have a physiologically different with humans, they do not get some of the diseases that human do, for example Parkinson’s disease, major types of heart disease, many types of cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, HIV and schizophrenia. And using animals in medicine research may caused fatal dangerous. For example, Vioxx (drug used to treat arthritis) was tested on monkeys and five other animal species and found to be safe, but has been caused around 320,000 heart attacks and strokes, and 140,000 deaths worldwide. Because of the different perception on support or refuse animal experiment, conflict happened between organisations, people and government (Cruelty Free International). Most animal welfare groups willing to work with researchers to improve the conditions for animals in laboratories and to promote animal right concept with gentle action, for example peaceful demonstrations

Culture Diversity - 3061 Words

CULTURE AND DIVERSITY TIP SHEET When implementing prevention programs, it is important to consider culture and diversity, such as socioeconomic status, sexuality, spirituality, ethnicity, and other aspects. Culture involves every aspect of an individual’s external and internal life. Many definitions of culture exist. One way to define culture is the knowledge, experience, values, ideas, attitudes, skills, tastes, and techniques that are passed on from more experienced members of a community to new members. Carriers of culture include families, religious organizations, peer groups, neighbors, social groups, and professional organizations. Some cultural experiences are related to biological factors, such as physical stature and skin color,†¦show more content†¦Such information can be extremely useful in providing you with a general understanding of different cultures’ values, beliefs, practices and historical experiences in the United States. Local newspapers Both the major dailies and smaller neighborhood newspapers, including the various ethnic papers, are a good source of information about a target community. The local news and editorial sections often provide some specifics about a community’s or group’s controversies (i.e. their most pressing issues, concerns or problems). These newspapers also provide listings of current or upcoming community events. Such information not only gives you some insight into the social and political â€Å"climate† in that community, but can also help you identify people, places and events to visit when you begin exploring the community. If time is short, gather only that information which will provide you with answers to the following: What are the major historical issues? What are the current economic and political concerns of the groups or community? What are some of the major cultural beliefs, values and practices, especially those related to the health problems you are addressing? Consult with the Experts In addition to doing preliminary library work, you will also want to consult experts who can provide you with a valuable, yet different perspective on the community. Be sure to talk to people from each of these categories (Gonzalez,Show MoreRelatedMicron Technology s Diversity Culture1319 Words   |  6 PagesMicron Technology’s diversity culture is great, but it only exists in Manassas, Virginia. This case study is based on Micron’s Fab 6 location and how the other Fabs can implement some of the same programs and initiatives to achieve diversity at all the Micron locations. In 1978, Micron Technology, Inc. was founded in Boise, Idaho. Micron is the global leader in the semiconductor industry with more than 30,000 team members working in twenty countries. â€Å"For more than 35 years, Micron has dedicatedRead MoreThe Culture Diversity Theory For Nursing Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pages The Culture diversity theory Providing culturally competent nursing care begins with having basic principle knowledge and effective training us a nursing student. Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality defines nursing as a learned scientific and humanistic profession that focuses on patient care, experiences and creative thinking relevant to nursing and health care system. As nurse student in today’s society you will come in contact with a lot of cultural differencesRead MoreDiversity Of Culture And Human Relations850 Words   |  4 PagesAfter this course, my perception of diversity of culture and human relations is significantly changed. Even though I thought I knew about diversity, I realized that I did not know so much about it. I learned the positive perception of diversity of culture and our relationship with others in everyday life. As a professional educator, I would like to promote the understanding of diversity in culture and uniqueness of individual for children, parents, and co-worker in my work place and in my futureRead MoreDiversity, Culture, Gender, And Race Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does diversity, culture, gender, and race all have in common with one another? These are all names of labels. In the TED podcast, â€Å"Beyond Tolerance† Arthur Brooks, Verna Myers, and Aziz Abu Sarah introduce the main problem between all of these labels. The common problem between these labels is diversity. Society has this mindset of what everyone should be like and if stepped out of that perspective, that person will be looked down upon. This in turn creates diversity. In The Gender Knot, AllanRead MoreCultural Diversity, Language, And Culture1802 Words   |  8 Pagesstages of diversity in Europe, in particular in Germany, altering societies in fundamental ways and challenging the idea of national identity that is closely held by the host nation. Furthermore, the vast majority of the publics are in great fear, that the shar ed values and norms that ties communities together will be enfeebled permanently if migrants do not adapt to the host country’s culture, language and its identity. In this particular essay, it would critically examine cultural diversity and theRead MoreLegal Implications Of Culture, Workforce Diversity And Diversity Management Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesLegal Implications of Culture, Workforce Diversity and Diversity Management in a Global Environment Lindiwe Musekiwa Walden University Introduction Organizations, the world over, are embracing innovation in order to stay competitive by putting into action organizational management that includes, among others, culture, workforce diversity, and diversity management (Marsella, 2009). Although not much has been written about the interconnection of managing diversity (cultural, and workforceRead MoreDiversity, Diversity And Culture Is The Most Important Strategy That Needs Be Address?1179 Words   |  5 PagesIn international business the topics of diversity and culture is one the most important strategy that needs be address. Making the decision to outsource for profit gain will not necessarily happen if preparation of cultural change is not in place first. What is values and a norms in a company’s country may be offensive to other social groups of people. For example, in Germany lack of attention to diversity and culture had a serious impacts on Walmart’s position. It build frustrations to both theRead MoreThe Effec ts Of Culture On Diversity Management Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION This chapter outlines the effects of culture on diversity management in organizations in Kenya. Secondly, it highlights the literature related factors that affect culture and in turn diversity management in organizations in Kenya such as technology, level of skilled workers, policies enforced by organizations in Kenya, and the level of resources available to them. The chapter also analysed literature related to other aspects that effect diversity management in organizations in Kenya. 2.2Read MoreWhat Does Culture And Diversity Mean?898 Words   |  4 PagesIndigenous Australian culture. A unique and multicultural community, Australia is therefore dynamic, diverse and constantly growing. This means that our schools are also dynamic, complex and culturally diverse. Students attending schools in Australia will come from diverse cultural backgrounds and will consequently have diverse needs. Using critical theory and post-colonialism, this paper will focus upon how teachers’ intercultural sensitivities about difference and diversity (more specifically, culturalRead MoreCultural Diversity : An Understanding Of Multiple Cultures1105 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding of multiple cultures. Cultural diversity is the â€Å"plurality of ideas and opinions for behavior to which people are exposed, adding to the texture and complicity of a society.† (Craven, Hirnle, Jensen, n.d., p. 1396) Cultural acceptance and knowledge of diverity does not just begin in th e place of employment, it is also important in the education of nursing as well. Diverse teaching and a diverse set of nursing students is what is needed in order for cultural diversity to be understood and

Ester Lucero Free Essays

Cassie Essary Tim Petete Ethnic American Literature November 12, 2009 Angel’s Psyche in Ester Lucero One of the most fascinating aspects of any story is the formation of it’scharacters. The way the author chooses to describe them, give them personalities, is how the reader will see their lives. A character’s psyche and the way he thinks about events around him change the way a reader perceives the story. We will write a custom essay sample on Ester Lucero or any similar topic only for you Order Now Authors have an amazing chance to shape and bend a story to fit what they want it to be through the characterization of the people they write about. If an author is incapable of making characters believable and understandable, the story won’t survive. In Isabel Allende’s â€Å"Ester Lucero†, Angel is described in a way that makes the reader understand his impulses and desires, even if they areof a completely foreign nature to the reader. Allende is an extremely skilled writer that used her ability to make a character believable to her advantage for this story. Angel’s psyche is one of the most interesting elements of this story. When he returns from the war in the jungle, he seems to be in a state of inner turmoil. He’s searching for something to help him deal with the war and the things that he did and saw happen there. When Angel sees Ester Lucero for the first time, he believes that he is seeing a mirage. Nothing could possibly be that perfect, and he has to search her out. When he finally finds her, he is â€Å"shamed by his unseemly passion for a child who still had not reached puberty† (Pearson 10) as she is 12 and he is 30. Angel gives the impression that he picked Ester as the object of his interest because she is unavailable, therefore he never has to worry about what might happen if he did somehow attain her. Although he is attracted to her, he never makes a move to do anything about it, other than â€Å"watching her walk by on her way to school; attending her when she caught the measles; providing her with vitamins†¦;teaching†¦the multiplication tables† (Pearson 10). The simple fact that he is â€Å"dumbfounded not to find a whirl of suitors around Ester Lucero† (Pearson 10) leads the reader to believe that Ester is really not that special or beautiful, but is only special to Angel. Instead, Angel seems to have fixated on Ester as a way of getting past his ownproblems. Ester became something that he desperately wanted, but could never allow himself to have. She was a child, and he would not allow himself to touch her for that reason, and because his obsession with her is what keeps him going. Ester became the focus of all his attention so he didn’t have to deal with anything else in his life. Another issue with Angel is the fact that he has a bullet in his groin. The women of the town question his masculinity and begin to wonder if â€Å"maybe the malaria or that bullet he has there in his crotch rid him forever of a taste for women† (Pearson 10). They don’t realize that he has become completely engrossed with Ester and therefore uninterested in the other women of the town. Since Angel does have a bullet in his groin, and purposefully chose an unavailable girl to fixate on, it makes the reader wonder if the bullet did cause some sort of dysfunction. Perhaps the reason that Angel deliberately chose a girl that he could never have was because he knew women wouldn’t want him if they knew that he was impotent. Early on, when it is Angel’s turn with a â€Å"bride-for-the-moment† he â€Å"found no consolation †¦he would have to search for that girl, if for no other reason than to determine whether she was a mirage†(Pearson 9). This passage leaves the reader hanging as to whether Angel was unable to perform, or simply didn’t enjoy it. Angel’s masculinity is questioned by the people of the town, as well as himself throughout the story. The four main aspects of Angel’s psyche discussed here really help tell the story of whoand what Angel really is. Ester as a distraction from his own problems shows us that even though Angel is an extremely capable man, he can’t get past his own demons. He’s a doctor and a combat veteran, yet when he sees a little girl in the crowd, he chooses her to think about in order to avoid his own problems. The magical realism displayed in this story is a stroke of genius by Allende. She uses the herbs to add an element of suspense and terror to the story that wouldn’t have been present otherwise. The herbs and dance enable Angel to save Ester while dealing with some of his own problems at the same time. When the town women begin to question Angel’s masculinity, he does a sort of tailspin into the next main point in his psyche, which is obsessive love. He could probably choose any woman in the town, yet he chooses a 12 year old girl, and the love is not exactly pure. Angel’s obsessive love ties all four points together nicely. The love he has for Ester is not pure, but obsessive. He chose her because he needed a way to get out of his own head, and perhaps because he is impotent and couldn’t deal with the threat to his masculinity, and when he cured her, Angel really just needed a way to outwardly express his capability of taking care of her, even if he could never have her. Works Cited How to cite Ester Lucero, Papers

Marketing Plan for Fly360

Executive Summary The company has identified a growth opportunity in the aviation industry, specifically in the low cost sector in Europe. Opportunities in the low cost industry arise as a result of unfulfilled demand, especially in relatively smaller markets outside the major cities in Europe.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Marketing Plan for Fly360 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In response to the gap in the aviation industry, the company has chosen to establish fly360 airline, an airline that offers passengers a wider array of destinations, linking established cities and growing economies within Europe. The airline will adopt a low cost model, whereby cost savings from operations will be passed down to consumers, and thereby increase access to the airline. The proposed airline comes at a time when Europe, and the rest of the world, is emerging from the recent global recession. While some airlines have wound down operations, fly360, with a sufficient capital base, aims on establishing itself in Europe’s regional airspace. Some of the strategies that will be adopted by the airline include high seating density in aircrafts, uniformity of planes and simple and consistent pricing mechanisms. The airline will also employ technology that will lead to cost and time savings, and in the derivation of customer satisfaction. Quality services will differentiate the company from its competitors. Fly360 targets to achieve sales of  £30 million within the first year of operations, and an operating margin of 15 per cent. Situational Analysis Customer Analysis Majority of customers are price conscious business travelers. Passengers may not be keen on paying higher prices for short haul trips, and many may rather go without the amenities such as food and drinks aboard the plane for a three hour flight. Business people form a significant proportion of airline passengers as their travelling needs last throughout the year, as compared to leisure and tourist passengers whose flight requirements are characterized by seasonal patterns. Business people would be attracted by an airline that offers a high frequency of flights in a day, or within a week. Customers would be attracted to cheap fare offers. The low cost structure of the business could not allow for distinction of classes within the plane. For a short haul flight, basic standard services could be preferred by air travel passengers.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the strengthening economic growth in Western Europe, and growing opportunities in Eastern Europe, demand is likely to increase between these two routes as passengers travel for business purposes. Passengers were initially forced to purchase return tickets so as to benefit from discounted tickets. A simple and flexible pricing structure m ay encourage passengers to book in advance so as to benefit from cheap fares. The business community travels frequently hence a pricing mechanism where all fares are one way may go well with the passengers. The appropriate segment for the airline would therefore be price conscious business community. Other passengers such as the middle class, students and leisure seekers may also access the services of Fly360. Marketing efforts will be directed to ascertain to these passengers that the company is not only comfortable to fly with, but has a clear and advantageous pricing policy. Given the travelling requirements of the business community, the passengers are likely to award the airline with volumes which can lead to the achievement of economies of scale. High frequency of flights will subsequently lead to increased revenues for the airline, and the company as a whole. Competitor Analysis There are two types of competitors that must be considered in the airline business. First, attenti on has to be drawn to other low cost â€Å"no-frill† airlines within Europe, and secondly high standard established airlines that operate within and beyond Europe. Big airlines such as British Airways, KLM, Air France and Lufthansa all provide valid competition for the proposed airline by offering the business and economy classes of travel packages. Low cost airlines such as EasyJet, Debonair, Ryanair and Virgin express offer direct competition for the proposed airline since they all offer similar services, and serve most of the projected routes. Getting a competitive advantage for both direct and indirect competitors is both vital and essential towards achieving the objectives of fly360.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Marketing Plan for Fly360 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has established strategies that will lead to relative differentiation of the airline from its competitors and al so lead to cost savings that will be beneficial to the airline. The airline hopes to incur low operational costs while delivering value to passengers of fly360, an effective combination of strategies that will propel the growth of fly360. Factors to consider when developing competitive advantage include; the safety of the airline, whether as a result of actual results or through perception of fly360. The range of prices offered, number of destinations served and the convenience of flights will serve a major competitive ability for the proposed airline. Fly360 will seek to increase the frequency of flights and increase the number of connections so as to serve more passengers. Convenient arrival and departure times will make the airline reliable; while the ease of booking flights online in advance so as to take advantage of discounts will improve the image of the airline. Furthermost, a competent and friendly workforce may work to ensure that customers are comfortable, leading towards customer satisfaction and ultimately a good reputation of the airline. The main competitors in the low cost aviation industry include EasyJet and Ryanair, which have both implemented most of the strategies identified for success. Fly360 hopes to differentiate itself from its competitors by employing technology to serve this purpose, such as cargo tracking, electronic ticketing, and electronic check-in as well as safety technologies. The company will spend a considerable amount on its marketing portal that will make it easier for passengers to book flights, reserve tickets and acquire information about fly360 as well as its services. Customers will also be able to access promotional information from the marketing portal, while the company could view it as an effective and cheap means of advertizing to potential passengers. Company Analysis The company has identified the growth potential in the low cost aviation industry, and intends to start operations by the beginning of the year 2 011. The company, with its fly360 airline, may partner with other airlines and companies in Europe so as to foster growth of the airline and mutually benefit from the growing industry.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The low cost aviation industry is witnessed significant expansion since the low cost model was first introduced in Europe in the 1990s. The growth in industry has been furthered by the growing economy and social stability in both Western and Eastern Europe. Turkey in particular has emerged as a high potential market, and its integration in the euro zone may increase travel between Turkey and the rest of Europe. The company has realized that fly360 can best capitalize on the market by linking key destinations in Europe and beyond. Key success factors for the airline include provision of standardized services that will lead to lead to customer satisfaction and cost reduction for the company. The airline will serve under subscribed routes by major airlines as well as areas with unmet demand, especially regions in Eastern Europe. The company will set about priorities that increase the airline’s competitive strength. Such priorities will include pricing policies that will make the services of the fly360 more accessible while maintaining healthy margins attractive to management. Performance is another vital priority whereby marketing efforts will communicate the airline’s dedication to timely and safe travel. This will enable customer satisfaction, acceptance and goodwill of fly360 which will lead to the attainment of a healthy proportion of the market share (Piercy 2006). Performance can be measured by analyzing response from passenger feedback, public relations efforts and industry publications. Integrity in service delivery and management of fly360 will enhance customer loyalty, thus securing future earnings for the company. Community/Climate Analysis Oil price fluctuations are likely to impact future strategies used by the airline, which may lead to price adjustments or reduced profits. The economic situation in Western Europe is conducive for low cost airlines, whereby competition laws protect the industry from bigger players in the aviation indus try. The political environment in Eastern Europe is improving as governments wish to attract investors in those regions. Western Europe is also characterized by expatriates from Eastern Europe; therefore the growth of travel between Eastern and Western Europe appears positive, both in the short, medium and long term. Marketing Mix Product The planes will have to be uniform so as to save on costs of maintenance and training that would have otherwise been incurred had the airline had several fleet models. A few plane models will do in this instance so that the firm can easily transfer personnel and equipment from one plane to another without significant costs. The company can purchase several Boeing 737-300 or the 99 seat British aerospace Avro RJ100 for this purpose, thereby enabling the airline to transfer cost savings to customers. The airline will strive to ensure comfort for its passengers in a cost effective manner. The proposed business model does not support the utilization of luxuries; hence the airline will have to offer standard services while ensuring that all services are customer friendly. While the airline may not offer food and drinks aboard flights, customers may get the chance to purchase such items during the flight. Plane models will have to be modern, with spacious leg room for passengers as well as comfortable seats. Price The airline will set to establish itself as user friendly and predictable. The price levels are to remain clear and consistent, while tariffs will be understandable. This will discourage any ambiguity in pricing policies which will enable the airline to build on passenger trust, as passengers will not expect any unpleasant surprises. Appropriate discounts may be set to encourage passengers to book tickets in advance. Adults flying with their children can also pay less for the passage of their children while infants may not be charged at all (Piercy 2006). Majority of startups have gone under by engaging in price wars, bot h within and outside of the aviation industry. It is therefore the policy of the company to avoid strategies aimed to react to competitors, at least in the short run. A predictable pricing policy is likely to reduce uncertainty both from the company’s and customers’ perspective, and therefore result into fewer complaints from customers. Fly360 could operate from two sets of fares, based on weekday fares and weekend fares. Weekday fares would be slightly higher than those offered on weekends as they target business people who are willing to pay a slight premium for the convenience of weekday flights. During weekdays, passengers can expect to pay prices ranging from  £60 to  £110 for short flights and prices slightly in excess of  £150 for long flights. Weekend fares could be between10 and 20 per cent lower than weekday fares. Variations in prices may only arise from discounts on early booking, discounts on children and infants and stand-by fares. Discount ranges a re to be established on a scale whereby the amount of discount depends on the timing of the flight reservation. On early booking, customers may experience a 15 per cent discount if the reservation is made 30 days in advance. Should the 30 day window pass, passengers could get a 10 per cent discount if the ticket is purchased more than 20 days in advance while a 5 per cent discount could be set for passengers who reserve a flight 7 days in advance. The pricing mechanism is likely to draw a positive reaction from passengers as compared to competitors who only offer a flat discount regardless of the fare. Stand by fares are prices paid by passengers who are willing to accept any offer at the last moment before a flight. Place Fly360 airline will be located in optimal locations as per parameters such as financial implications of the chosen location. A critical factor to consider in this respect would be the price charged by airports that would be harboring the airline. Other factors inc lude traffic conditions, availability of sufficient and low cost facilities and ability to connect with other major carries within Europe. An appropriate location would encourage continuous flights to critical and secondary destinations within Europe. Possible locations include Luxembourg (Luxembourg), Berlin (Germany), London City Airport (UK), Amsterdam (The Netherlands), Cologne (Germany) and Stanstead Airport (UK). Passengers can reserve tickets online, more conveniently at their homes or offices, rather than presenting themselves at the airports which will save them significant costs and time. Promotion The design and conception of fly360 will likely steer the airline during its launch in 2010 and in subsequent years. The management of the airline and the sales and marketing department will work hand in hand to ensure that positive and unique qualities are portrayed in the market, appealing directly to potential customers. A strong public relations initiative will create a stro ng foundation for campaign activities that set to create a strong foot hold for the company on entrance into the industry. The company could hire consultants who would advice on the placement of advertisements in online, telecommunication as well as print media. The company may also utilize consultants to conduct market research in the aviation industry. More emphasis will however be placed on the proposed online marketing portal which may prove to be a source of competitive advantage for the airline. The online portal will have to fast paced, informative and user friendly so as to provide timely information and encompass services such as online reservations and e-ticketing. While marketing efforts may steer people towards the website, the website will offer a pleasant experience for visitors and encourage them to use it for all their travelling needs. As a startup company, the use of promotional prices may strain the airlines cash flows. The airline will therefore have to limit pro motional fares so as to achieve the specified objectives in the given time periods. In one instance, a special promotion may be used simply so as to gain recognition on entry into the industry, and launch of flights. The airline may have to partner with travel agencies during the first year of operations, such as Travelocity, though marketing efforts will be targeted towards fly360’s website, therefore reducing costs on commissions paid to travel agencies over time. The main mission of the advertizing initiatives will be to guide people to fly360’s online marketing portal. Advertizing content will be placed strategically in online websites and print materials such as newspapers and magazines. The advertizing campaign will commence two months prior to the launch of operations, with visual aid displaying satisfied passengers, including a slogan such as â€Å"We’re Here For You, Now Lets Fly360.† The advertizing campaign is likely to cost  £70,000, inclusi ve of tax. Performance of the marketing campaign will be measured by the number of visitors on the fly360 website. Budget and Timeline With the  £1,000,000 marketing budget, the marketing department hopes to engage in activities that will increase the recognition of fly360, and increase the growth of the airline in accordance with the company objectives. The following table gives a timeline for marketing expenditures. Milestone Start Finish Budget Legal and consulting Jun 1 2010 Jun 30 2011  £200,000 Route and market study Apr 1 2010 May 15 2010  £100,000 Brochures and marketing materials Jan 1 2011 Jan 30 2011  £40,000 Design consultants Jul 15 2010 Aug 30 2010  £70,000 Website development Dec 1 2010 Dec 20 2010  £150,000 Public relations and advertizing Jan 1 2011 Feb 30 2011  £120,000 Training Sep 1 2010 Sep 30 2010  £60,000 Travel agents Oct 1 2010 Nov 30 2010  £260,000 TOTAL  £1,000,000 As a result of the marketing campaign, revenue s are estimated at  £6,500,000 in the first quarter of operations from flight passengers. The return on investment (ROI) would be: (total revenues of  £6,500,000/total investments of  £1,000,000) 650 per cent from the marketing campaign. References Piercy, N., 2006. â€Å"Reinventing the Airline Business†. Business cases. No. 0068. Retrieved from www.businesscases.org This coursework on Marketing Plan for Fly360 was written and submitted by user Jaidyn Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Proposal Guidelines

Research Proposal Guidelines Research Proposal Guidelines Research Proposal Guidelines: How to Write the Research Proposal of a Good Quality? As it is understood by the name of the article the research proposal guidelines in this field of activity can play the important role for the person and especially students. When the person gets the task to write the research proposal there are immediately a lot of thoughts in the head. How to make it good qualified and correct? This is not that difficult, as al you are to do first is to search the Internet or some other sources and to find the necessary information about this type of the written task. Research Proposal Guidelines: What Points to Consider?The person should take into account the research proposal guidelines while working on the research proposal in the process of the research. What is also necessary here is the level of the material used in the content of the article, besides the process of sorting the material needed for the proper accommodation of the facts. As for the leve l of it you are to take into account the fact that the person should feel confident with the period of time needed for the proper writing of the present work. The research proposal writing is quite necessary for the graduate student, as a rule this kind of the written paper is quite necessary for the person trying to get some degree. One more point that can be of some help here is of course the professionalism of the writer, as in this case the person should be quite acknowledged with the topic of the present research and also with the field of activity. As at any case the person should feel assured with the facts discussed in the article and also with the level of material that presupposes the high quality of it. The proper acquaintance with the topic is quite important here, as the person should understand what he or she is writing about. The scientific level of the material is quite necessary here as the proper understanding and processing of facts is quite of hel p, especially for the person, who tries to become the real professional and finally get the qualified and proper research paper. Professional Help with a Research Proposal If you need professional help with your research proposal writing, you are welcome to rely on professionalism of our writers. Our researchers are qualified to handle any project. We deliver written papers on time, and we never plagiarize!

Brosimum alicastrum, The Ancient Maya Breadnut Tree

Brosimum alicastrum, The Ancient Maya Breadnut Tree The breadnut tree (Brosimum alicastrum) is an important species of tree that grows in the wet and dry tropical forests of Mexico and Central America, as well as in the Caribbean Islands. Also known as the ramà ³n tree, asli or Cha Kook in the Mayan language, the breadnut tree usually grows in regions that are between 300 and 2,000 meters (1,000-6,500 feet) above sea level. The fruits have a small, elongated shape, similar to apricots, although they are not particularly sweet. The seeds are edible nuts which can be ground and used in porridge or for flour. The Breadnut Tree and the Maya The breadnut tree is one of the dominant species of plants in the tropical Maya forest. Not only its density very high around ancient ruined cities, particularly in the Guatemalan Petà ©n, but it can reach a height of around 40 m (130 ft), producing abundant yields and with several harvests possible in one year. For this reason, it is often still planted by modern Maya near their homes. The widespread presence of this tree near ancient Maya cities has been explained variously as: The trees could be the result of a human-manicured or even deliberately-managed tree farming (agro-forestry). If so, it is likely that the Maya first simply avoiding cutting the trees down, and then eventually replanted breadnut trees near their habitations so that now they propagate more easilyIt is also possible that the breadnut tree simply grows well in the limestone soils and rubble fill near ancient Maya cities, and the residents took advantage of thatThe presence could also be the result of small animals such as bats, squirrels, and birds which eat the fruits and seeds and facilitate their dispersion in the forest The Breadnut Tree and Maya Archaeology The role of the breadnut tree and its importance in ancient Maya diet has been at the center of many debates. In the 1970s and 80s, archaeologist Dennis E. Puleston (son of the famous environmentalist Dennis Puleston), whose unfortunate and untimely death prevented him from further developing his research on breadnut and other Mayan subsistence studies, was the first to hypothesize the importance of this plant as a  staple crop for the ancient Maya. During his research at the site of Tikal  in Guatemala, Puleston recorded a particularly high concentration of this tree around the house mounds compared to other species of trees. This element, along with the fact that the breadfruit seeds are particularly nutritious and high in proteins, suggested to Puleston that the ancient inhabitants of Tikal, and by extension of other Maya cities in the forest, relied on this plant as much as or perhaps even more than on maize. But Was Puleston Right? Furthermore, in later studies Puleston demonstrated that its fruit can be stored for many months, for example in subterranean chambers called chultuns, in a climate where fruit usually rots rapidly.  However, more recent research has significantly decreased the role and importance of breadnut in the ancient Maya diet, defining it instead as an emergency food source in case of famine, and linking its unusual abundance near ancient Maya ruins to environmental factors more than human intervention. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Mesoamerica , and the Dictionary of Archaeology and the guide to Plant Domestication. Harrison PD, and Messenger PE. 1980. Obituary: Dennis Edward Puleston, 1940-1978. American Antiquity 45(2):272-276. Lambert JDH, and Arnason JT. 1982. Ramon and Maya Ruins: An Ecological, not an Economic, Relation. Science 216(4543):298-299. Miksicek CH, Elsesser KJ, Wuebber IA, Bruhns KO, and Hammond N. 1981. Rethinking Ramon: A Comment on Reina and Hills Lowland Maya Subsistence. American Antiquity 46(4):916-919. Peters CM. 1983. Observations on Maya Subsistence and the Ecology of a Tropical Tree. American Antiquity 48(3):610-615. Schlesinger V. 2001, Animals and Plants of the Ancient Maya. A Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press Turner BL, and Miksicek CH. 1984. Economic Plant Species Associated with Prehistoric Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Economic Botany 38(2):179-193 Updated by K. Kris Hirst

Animal Testing and Rgihts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Animal Testing and Rgihts - Research Paper Example In fact, vivisection of small animals like frogs, rabbits and mice is not confined to sophisticated laboratories alone, but are also a part of school and college curriculum. Animals are also used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries to test drugs and cosmetics before market release. According to AWA reports, the U.S government estimated that the number of laboratory animals used in 2010 alone was about 1,136,567. â€Å"Precise figures for the number of rats, mice, birds and fish do not exist, but it is estimated that approximately 25 million of these animals are used every year† (animal Reports Animal Usage by Fiscal year, 1-2). Vivisection is not just using of animals for scientific purposes alone; it also involves the inhumane treatment meted out to them. They are kept in cages in dark laboratories, fed poorly and stored for experimentation alone. The lab animals are subjected to toxic testing, allergen testing etc which involves cruel treatment for the sake of test ing alone and justify them on the grounds that Human feeling s and animals feeling have a difference (Ryder). While many researchers and vivisection enthusiasts may argue that animal testing is beneficial to humans, I shall discus as to why this should be stopped and alternatives adopted. Scientifically Unreliable Scientists and researchers who use animals for their research work often claim that the results procured and derived from these animal-test based experimentation is for the benefit of the human race. But in reality this is untrue and the results may be totally unreliable because the anatomy of humans and animals is drastically different and each species responds differently to a particular substance, this is the reason why thousands of drugs and cosmetics that pass the lab-animal test have often been withdrawn from the markets, solely because they were harmful to humans. Chemical testing is highly unreliable and this can be understood with a small fact that arsenic which i s highly carcinogenic in humans rarely causes cancer in lab animals like mouse and rats. There is no evidence to prove that mice, rabbits and humans would react all the same to a certain chemical. Experimentation on animals is impractical and reveals negligible information about the human body and its response (Mur, 29). Furthermore, it is well known that the sensation of fear alters the biochemical processes of a living body and lab animals are in state of constant fear which may affect the results too. Hence, the results are not valid. ETHICALLY WRONG It is purely unethical to take advantage of speechless and helpless creatures and use them in the laboratories, inflicting intentional pain and fear among them in the name of human benefit. Science itself has proven that animals too like humans, are sentient. They can feel emotions like pain, fear, hunger, thirst etc, yet we deny animals their rights. Rifkin in his article reported about a study conducted in the Purdue University, U. S. where it was observed that’s pigs crave affection and attention and were depressed if denied so. The study strengthened the fact that animals did resemble humans in some form. The theory of Evolution states that Homo sapiens are linked to all other living creatures through evolution, yet somehow humans have taken the liberty to judge other living things and determine their value in Nature. There is nothing to determine whether inherent value of humans is higher than that of other living